Turkey, 2019(12) |
Observational and prospective study, which assessed the relationship between IVC diameter and right ventricular volume to predict hypotension after sedation for colonoscopy. |
Site: subcostal window 2 to 3 cm from the right atrium entrance;
Patient position: supine;
Transducer: sectoral on the long axis in two-dimensional mode;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
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USA, 2019(13) |
Observational and prospective study, which characterized volume status in patients with acute kidney injury and liver cirrhosis. |
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100). |
Turkey, 2019(14) |
Observational and prospective study, which compared the IVC collapsibility index under different values of positive pressure with CVP in patients hospitalized in an Intensive Care Unit. |
Site: subxiphoid window longitudinally 3 to 4 cm distal to the junction of the IVC and the right atrium or 2 cm caudal to the junction of the IVC and the hepatic vein;
Patient position: supine;
Transducer: sector on the long axis in two-dimensional mode;
Calculations: IVC collapsibility index [(maximum IVC - minimum IVC)/maximum IVC] × 100), distensibility: [(maximum IVC – minimum IVC)/minimum IVC] × 100 and delta: [(maximum IVC - IVC minimum)/IVC median] × 100).
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Turkey, 2019(15) |
Observational and prospective study, which assessed the relationship between IVC measurements and the value of urea and creatinine in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. |
Site: subcostal window 2 to 3 cm from the entrance to the right atrium;
Patient position: supine;
Transducer: low frequency convex along the longitudinal axis;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
Time to perform: 10 minutes.
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Italy, 2019(16) |
Intervention study of an algorithm that assessed the value of right atrial pressure with anthropometric and US data in patients undergoing right heart catheterization and echocardiography. |
Site: subcostal window 2 to 3 cm from the entrance to the right atrium;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
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Poland, 2019(17) |
Observational and prospective study, which assessed the relationship between left ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension and hypervolemia in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis therapy. |
Site: subcostal window 2 to 3 cm from the entrance to the right atrium;
Patient position: supine;
Transducer: 3.5 MHz convex transducer.
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Australia, 2019(18) |
Observational and prospective study, which assessed the pre-dialysis accuracy of fluids in patients during dialysis therapy. |
Site: subcostal window 2 to 3 cm from the entrance to the right atrium;
Patient position: supine;
Transducer: convex;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
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Spain, 2019(19) |
Observational and prospective study, which assessed the usefulness of hemodynamic monitoring by IVC US before and after passive lower limb augmentation in patients in the emergency department with a history of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. |
Site: subcostal window 2 to 3 cm from the entrance to the right atrium;
Transducer: convex along the longitudinal axis;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
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Egypt, 2020(20) |
Prospective cohort study, which assessed the use of US in volume assessment in hemodialysis patients in comparison with clinical signs and IVC diameter and its relationship with volume loss after ultrafiltration. |
Site: subcostal window 2 to 3 cm from the entrance to the right atrium;
Patient position: supine;
Transducer: low-frequency convex along the longitudinal axis;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
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Turkey, 2020(21) |
Observational and prospective study, which assessed the value of combined use of IVC diameter and abdominal aorta diameter in monitoring blood loss in healthy people and blood donation volunteers. |
Site: 2 cm subcostal window caudal to the junction of the hepatic vein and IVC.
Patient position: supine;
Transducer: convex along the longitudinal axis;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
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USA, 2020(22) |
Observational and prospective study, which assessed the clinical correlation of volume status in decompensated heart failure. |
Site: subxiphoid window;
Patient position: supine;
Transducer: low-frequency convex along the longitudinal axis;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
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USA, 2020(23) |
Observational and prospective study, which assessed whether IVC diameter measurements would be affected by decubitus position elevation and to study the effect that decubitus position elevation would have on IVC diameter in patients in Intensive Care Unit. |
Site: point immediately distal to the hepatic vein using a two-dimensional mode with a sector transducer. |
England, 2020(24) |
Observational and prospective study, which assessed the accuracy of five non-invasive methods in detecting fluid responsiveness in the emergency room in patients requiring fluid resuscitation. |
Site: subcostal window 1 cm distal to the hepatic vein junction;
Patient position: supine;
Transducer: low frequency convex;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
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Turkey, 2021(25) |
Observational and prospective study, which compared different ventilation parameters with IVC diameter and echocardiographic data in sedated patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. |
Site: 1 cm from the junction of the hepatic-caval region using M-mode image in the longitudinal view in the subcostal window;
Transducer: convex along the longitudinal axis;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
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Slovenia, 2021(26) |
Observational and prospective study, which assessed different methods of assessing volume status and its association with arterial stiffness parameters in patients on peritoneal dialysis. |
Site: subxiphoid window 0.5 to 3 cm caudal to the right of the atrial junction;
Patient position: supine;
Transducer: sector;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
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Israel, 2022(27) |
Case-control study assessing whether IVC diameter is a useful marker in assessing intravascular volume status in women with postpartum hemorrhage. |
Site: subxiphoid window;
Position: supine position;
Transducer: convex from 2 to 5.5 MHz;
Calculations: The difference between eIVC and iIVC diameters was then divided by eIVC diameter and multiplied by 100 to calculate the collapsibility index.
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USA, 2022(28) |
Observational and prospective study, which compared IVC and the right jugular vein with the right atrial pressure measurement in adult patients with heart failure. |
Site: epigastric area. The IVC was measured 1 to 2 cm from the junction of the IVC with the right atrium at the end of expiration;
Patient position: supine.
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Uruguay, 2022(29) |
Observational and prospective study, which assessed the relationship between IVC diameter and CVP and intravascular volume status assessment in patients undergoing vascular surgery. |
Calculations: IVC diameter measurements were recorded in both the end-inspiratory and end-expiratory phases. |
Turkey, 2023(30) |
Observational and US study assessing a whole-body US protocol to recognize patients at high risk for syncope. |
Site: subxiphoid window in a long-axis configuration along the IVC at the junction of the right atrium 2 to 3 cm caudal along the vessel by M-mode;
Transducer: convex or sector;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
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Spain, 2023(31) |
Observational and prospective study, which assessed the common femoral vein pulsed ultrasound doppler in IVC dilation assessment in patients with decompensated heart failure. |
Site: 2 cm at the entrance to the right atrium at the end of expiration. |
China, 2023(32) |
Prospective cohort study, which assessed the value of IVC and IVC collapsibility index in monitoring volume status during treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. |
Site: subxiphoid region 1 to 2 cm caudal to the entrance of the hepatic vein. The IVC was measured at the proximal end of the confluence of the hepatic veins perpendicular to its long axis;
Transducer: convex;
Calculations: collapsibility index (difference between maximum and minimum diameters divided by maximum diameter x 100).
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