ac Ambiente Construído Ambient. constr. 1415-8876 1678-8621 Associação Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído - ANTAC Resumo A busca por produtos que atendam às necessidades humanas e colaborem com o meio ambiente, surge o compósito madeira-plástico, como uma boa alternativa. O material é proveniente de resíduos de madeira e plástico, tendo considerável apelo ambiental e maior resistência à umidade que a madeira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar um compósito madeira-plástico em comparação à madeira natural de paraju (Manilkara sp.) na utilização desses materiais na construção civil. Foram testadas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e a resistência à biodeterioração. Apesar de não apresentar resistências mecânicas semelhantes ou superiores à madeira de paraju, o compósito exibiu valores satisfatórios e melhores densidade, retração e inchamento, além de resistência ao cupim Nasutitermes corniger. Elementos produzidos a partir de plástico requerem maiores cuidados em relação à propagação de chamas. O compósito madeira plástico não pode ser aplicado como elemento estrutural. Entretanto, pode ser empregado na construção civil como revestimento de fachadas, pisos e divisórias. Introduction Brazil generates the fourth largest amount of waste in the world, trailing behind only the United States, China, and India. According to the Brazilian Association of Public Cleaning and Special Waste Companies (ABRELPE, 2019), approximately 211 thousand tons of waste are generated daily, which corresponds to annually a total of 81.8 million tons. The resources applied by municipalities in public urban cleaning and urban solid waste management services, which include collection, transportation, final disposal and general urban cleaning services, reached R$29,2 billion in 2022, which represents R$ 11.96 per inhabitant by month (ABRELPE, 2019). In 2022, the country recorded 77.1 million tons of urban solid waste, which corresponds to 94.25% of the total generated. The portion that corresponds to 7% of the waste generated that receives environmentally inappropriate disposal indicates the need for investments in infrastructure to universalize appropriate disposal (ABRELPE, 2019). According to the Brazilian Association of the Polyethyl Ethyl Terephthalate Industry (ABIPET, 2020), the recycling industry is established throughout the country, with an average annual growth of 12%. One of the most common types of plastics found in solid waste in Brazil is high-density polyethylene (HDPE), widely used in manufacturing products that require greater resistance to impacts, such as medicine bottles, cosmetics, toilet flush boxes and packaging for lubricating oil (Mello, 2011). According to Teixeira, Moreira and Costa (2002), the rise in the concentration of people and the adoption of a series of facilities offered by industry to society causes an increase in these types of waste in urban centers. According to Yamaji and Bonduelle (2004) and Vale and Gentil (2008), the large amount of waste generated in the timber sector comes from slabs, chips, sawdust, sawdust and shavings, and deserves special attention, since this waste is generally low-density materials and natural fuels, requiring proper disposal or storage. In this sense, many companies do not consistently use their waste, claiming that the cost:benefit ratio is not justifiable (Gonçalves; Lelis; Carvalho, 2017). According to Abrelpe (2019), industries use 6.7 million tons year-1 of plastic. The exposure of this waste and the costs involved in its storage have caused society to seek alternatives to reduce the volume stored, since plastic is one of the materials that require the most time to decompose (Evode et al., 2021; Chamas et al., 2020). Thus, a search for new technologies which aim to reuse these materials originated the product known as wood-plastic composite; however, Yamaji and Bonduelle (2004) mentioned that the difficulty of transporting wood waste to the manufacturing sites contributes to it being discredited. However, the advantage of wood-plastic composite over wood is mainly associated with the low propensity to present defects such as cracking, warping, requiring little or no maintenance and its ease to be molded into complex shapes (Brandt; Fridley, 2003). The use of these composites is presenting growth in Brazil of about 30% to 40% per year, as cited by Brazilian Support Service for Micro and Small Businesses (SEBRAE, 2015). There are still few factories in Brazil which use wood-plastic composite as raw material, however factories have noticed an increase in consumption over the years, and its use is employed in producing furniture, benches, fences, railroad ties, manhole covers, garbage cans, and artifacts used in civil construction (SEBRAE, 2015). According to Guamá et al. (2008), a wood-plastic composite is only produced with recycled plastic, in which equal or even superior material properties to those of wood can be added when chemicals are added to its composition, as is the case of increased resistance to moisture, for example. The authors also inform that as the composite has plastic in its composition, its durability time would be equivalent to that of the plastic in natura. In a study by Molina, Carreira and Calil Junior (2009) with wood-plastic composite profiles, deformability was observed in the flexural strength test. When the strength class was analyzed, the wood-plastic composite was classified as C25 in the case of conifers, and C20 in the hardwood class from the results obtained in the compression test. When analyzing the shear test, the authors found three times higher strength values for the wood-plastic composite than the C20 class of conifers and hardwoods. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate a wood-plastic composite in comparison to natural paraju wood (Manilkarasp.) wood in using these materials for civil construction. Material and methods Material In this research wood-plastic composite samples were used, whose material was obtained in the market, consisting of 70% wood waste (pine and eucalypts) and 30% plastic waste (High Density Polyethylene - HDPE). The wood pieces of Manilkarasp., known in Brazil as paraju or maçaranduba and in international trade as paraju wood, were obtained through donation to the Department of Forest and Wood Sciences of the Federal University of Espírito Santo. This wood was chosen for this work because it has great natural durability, low moisture absorption and high mechanical strength, and these characteristics are suitable for use in civil construction. Sampling the plastic wood composite and the paraju wood The pieces were initially resized into smaller pieces to perform the physical and mechanical tests, from which the specimens were obtained as defined by the Brazilian Regulatory Standard (ABNT, 2022b) of the Brazilian Association for Technical Standards (ABNT, 2022b), using 10 repetitions for each test. Characterization of the wood-plastic composite and the parajuwood Physical Properties The characterization of the physical properties of paraju wood and wood-plastic composite was performed according to the test methods defined in NBR 7190-3 (ABNT, 2022b). The specimens were weighed and subsequently measured with size 3 cm × 2 cm × 5 cm (radial × tangential × longitudinal) directions. Mechanical properties For characterization of the mechanical properties of paraju wood, the standard test methods for small clear specimens of timber, described by American Society for Testing and Materials - D 143 (ASTM, 2022) was used to determine the compressive, shear and static bending strengths. The study was conducted utilizinga universal test machine (EMIC, DL 10000 - 100 kN), as shown in Figure 1. The measurements described by the standard for the test specimens are parallel compression with 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm × 10 cm (width × height × length), shear with 5 cm × 5 cm (width × height) and static bending with 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm × 57.5 cm (width × height × length). For the compressive strength test, the load was applied continuously at a rate of 0.003 mm min-1. The load for the shear strength test must be applied continuously at a rate of 0.6 mm min-1. For the static flexural strength test, the load is applied to the central span at a rate of 2.5 mm min-1. After carrying out the tests, the results for the evaluated strengths are provided by the software coupled to the machine. Figure 1 Methodology adopted for testing with paraju wood -(a) compression test. (b) shear test and (c) bending test For the tests with wood-plastic composite was used the NBR 7190-3 (ABNT, 2022b), because there is no specific regulatory standard for this material. The tests were also conducted using the universal machine (EMIC - 100 kN). However, some adaptations were made regarding the measures of the specimens in a proportional way to those established by NBR 7190-3 (ABNT, 2022b), where the ratio between width and length was 1:3. As the strengths are calculated considering the area of the material, these adaptations did not interfere in the result. It is noteworthy that the wood-plastic composite has no fiber orientation, and therefore, only parallel compression was adopted. For the parallel compression test, the specimen size was 6 cm in height and 2 cm in width. In the shear test, the size was 2 cm in width and 5 cm in length. And for the static flexion one, 6 cm width, 2 cm thickness and 60 cm length. In the test to determine conventional bending strength, the loading must be monotonically increase at a rate of around 10 MPa min-1. No-choice feeding test against termites For this work, the no-choice feeding test, as described by American Wood Protection Association - AWPA E1-16 (AWPA, 2016) was performed, with modifications suggested by Brocco et al. (2020). Therefore, the colony of the Nasutitermes corniger (Motsch.) species was collected in the rural area of Jerônimo Monteiro, south of the state of Espírito Santo, and transported to the Laboratory of Wood Biodeterioration of the Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences. The colony was kept in a 500 L capacity fiber cement box. This box was prepared with a 15 cm layer of sand, and a layer of cardboard on the surface, both moistened. For the colony not to be in direct contact with the cardboard and sand, a plastic grid was placed, supported by two tiles (Figure 2). The termites remained in the box for 48 hours to allow them to rest. After that they were carefully collected directly on the cardboard and weighed on a precision scale. The test was set up in 600 mL bottles containing 200 g of sand washed and sterilized in the oven at 103 ± 2°C for 24 hours. To moisten the sand, 36 mL of distilled water was added in each vial aiming to correct the humidity to 75%, calculated according to E1-16 (AWPA, 2016), modified by Brocco et al. (2020). Three treatments (Pinus elliottii, paraju wood and wood-plastic composite) were made, with ten repetitions each, with the use of Pinus elliotti wood, as described by E1-16 (AWPA, 2016) to serve as a witness between the treatments. Each specimen had dimensions of 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm × 0.5 cm (width x length x thickness). Figure 2 Nasutitermes corniger termite colony arranged inside the fiber cement box for termite collection With the bottles prepared, the specimens were weighed and placed inside, taking care to insert only half of the specimen into the sand. Then, approximately 1 g ± 0.05 g of termite was placed in each bottle (average of 329 termites: 7% soldiers and 93% workers). The bottles were kept in an air-conditioned room at 27°C ± 2°C for 28 days. At the end of the test, the specimens were removed from the bottles and carefully cleaned with a soft bristle brush to remove dirt from them. Then they were dried in an oven at 103 ± 2ºC and weighed again so that the mass loss could be measured. The number of days for termite mortality in each treatment was counted and, finally, the specimens were analyzed for wood damage by five different evaluators (Table 1) (AWPA, 2016). Flammability test For the test of reaction to fire, the analysis of the flammability of the specimens was carried out based on an adaptation of the method of the International Organization for Standardization - ISO 11925-2 (ISO, 2002) and literature (Lopez et al., 2022). The samples were prepared in dimensions of 250 mm × 50 mm × 12 mm (length × width × thickness) and fixed on a double U-shaped frame made of stainless steel, so that the underside of the samples is directly exposed to the single flame from a Bunsen burner, vertically (Figure 3). For this case, two types of wood-plastic composites were compared (produced by extrusion and by injection). For the measurements, the free software Image J was used (Rasband, 2023). The flame is set at a height of 16 to 20 mm in height, and 5 mm away from the specimen surface. The flame exposure is carried out for a duration of 30s. Table 1 Visual rating score assigned to wood damage after termite attack Wood damage Visual rating (score) Sound, surface nibbles permitted 10 Light attack 9 Moderate attack, penetration 7 Heavy attack 4 Failure, with rupture of the samples 0 Source: modified from E1-16 (AWPA, 2016). Figure 3 Apparatus for the flammability test (A) of Extrusion wood-plastic composite (WPCe) (B), Injection wood-plastic composite (WPCi) (C) and paraju wood (D) Comparation and statistical analyses The experiment was conducted under entirely randomized design (DIC), with ten repetitions (specimens) and two treatments (wood-plastic composite and paraju wood) in the evaluation of physical and mechanical properties and three treatments (wood-plastic composite, parajuwood and pine) in the evaluation of biodeterioration. The termite test was carried out in randomized blocks. Analysis of variance was performed, and when the treatments were significant (F < 0.05) the means of the treatments were compared by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). In the evaluation of the termite test, the mass loss percentage (ppm) was transformed according to Equation 1, the visual damage (score) and the time (days) for termite death according to Equation 2. These transformations, suggested by Steel, Torrie and Dicky (1997), were employed due to the need to normalize the data distribution (Lilliefors test) and homogenize variances (Cochran and Bartlett’s test). arcsin ppm 100 Eq. 1 score + 0,5 Eq. 2 Results and discussion Physical properties Table 2 shows the average values found for shrinkage and swelling for the wood-plastic composite and parajuwood in the Longitudinal (L1), Tangential (T1) and Radial (R1) directions. The volumetric shrinkage (Rv) and volumetric swelling (Iv) are also presented. The wood-plastic composite presented lower values than the parajuwood in the shrinkage and swelling tests, except for the longitudinal plane. The wood-plastic composite also presented lower values in volumetric shrinkage and volumetric swelling. With this analysis, it is possible to say that the wood-plastic composite is more stable in its dimensions than parajuwood. This great stability may be related to the fact that there is 30% plastic in its composition, which contributes to the composite not undergoing dimensional changes from moisture, since plastic is not hygroscopic. The longitudinal plane presents irrelevant values when wood is analyzed, close to zero, which is related to fiber orientation. The longitudinal plane of the parajuwood presented lower values than the wood-plastic composite, which can be explained by the fact that the composite does not have fiber orientation. It should be noted that the variation proportions among the directions (longitudinal, tangential and radial) are smaller for the composite than for the wood. This reduces the development of defects (presence of cracks and warping), especially when used for material in places that are usually exposed to temperature variations due to sunlight and humidity. Mechanical properties Table 3 shows the modulus of elasticity (MOE) value from the static bending test. In addition, the moisture content (MC), the modulus of rupture (MOR) from the bending test, and the stress from the parallel compression and shear test are also displayed. Table 4 show the comparison of the hardwood strength classes, along with the characteristic values of parallel compression (fc0,k), shear (fv,k) and the modulus of elasticity (Ec0,m). The basic density (ρbas) and apparent density (ρap) values of the wood-plastic composite and the parajuwood are also shown. Table 2 Shrinkage and swelling of the materials studied Material Shrinkage (%) Swelling (%) L1 * T1 R1 Rv L2 T2 R2 Iv Parajuwood 0.14b 8.25a 5.27a 13.21a 0.14b 9.00a 5.56a 15.23a Wood-plastic composite 1.34a 2.38b 1.07b 4.72b 1.36a 2.44b 1.08b 4.97b Note: *averages followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically (Tukey’s test, p > 0.05). L1,2: Longitudinal; T1,2: Tangential; and R1,2: Radial directions; and Rv: Volumetric Shrinkage; Iv: Volumetric swelling. Table 3 Mean static bending (modulus of elasticity - MOE and rupture - MOR) and shear values of wood-plastic composite and parajuwood Mechanical properties Wood-plastic composite(MPa) Moisture (%) Paraju wood (MPa) Moisture (%) Shear (Stress) 4.70 b* 1.27 16.39 a 13.68 Static bending (MOE) 2251.48 b 1.27 19579.09 a 12.93 Static bending (MOR) 9.97 b 1.84 157.82 a 14.13 Parallel compression (Stress) 11.55 b 1.84 69.20 a 14.13 Note: *means followed by the same letter in the row do not differ (Tukey’s test, p > 0.05). Table 4 Comparison of the strength classes between the wood-plastic composite and paraju wood Class fc0,k (MPa) fv,k (MPa) Ec0,m (MPa) ρbas (g cm-³) ρap (g cm-³) Wood-plastic composite 11.77 4.37 22512.48 1.06 a** 1.13 a Parajuwood 71.81 15.59 19579.09 0.82 b 0.98 b D20* 20 4.0 10000 - 0.50 D30* 30 5.0 12000 - 0.63 D40* 40 6.0 14500 - 0.75 D50* 50 7.0 16500 - 0.85 D60* 60 8.0 19500 - 1.00 Note: *strength classes in accordance with NBR 7190-1 (ABNT, 2022a). ** Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ (Tukey’s test, p > 0.05). Where: fc0,k: parallel compression; fv,k: shear; Ec0,m: modulus of elasticity; ρbas: basic density; ρap: and apparent density. The shear stress of the parajuwood in the compression test was six times higher than that of the wood-plastic composite and the modulus of rupture in the static bending test of the parajuwood showed a value almost 16 times higher than that of the composite. In addition, the shear stress and the modulus of elasticity in static bending were lower for the wood-plastic composite when compared to the parajuwood. There were very low moisture content values due to the high density coming from the plastic existing in its composition, but this factor did not influence the mechanical properties of the wood-plastic composite, since the parajuwood presented superior results in all tests. Both the bending and compression specimens presented residual deformation at the end of the test. However, the composite did not rupture in the bending test, even when exceeding the limit of use L/200, unlike the parajuwood. This indicates that if any problem occurs in the structure made by the wood-plastic composite, it will not break immediately, and in turn there will be time to solve the problem without the structure breaking. A study by Molina, Carreira and Calil Junior (2009) presented an elasticity modulus for wood-plastic composite of 1.314 MPa. This is equivalent to that found in this study for the bending test. The value found by the authors in the shear test was higher (17.32 MPa) than what was found in this work (4.70 MPa). One of the explanations for these discrepancies may be the fact that the wood-plastic composite used by the cited authors is composed of different materials, such as rice husk instead of wood. In this study, only wood and plastic were used. The physical and mechanical properties of wood-plastic composite made from particleboard and polypropylene were evaluated by Gozdecki et al. (2015). In this study, virgin wood particles, recycled wood particles, and wood flour were used as fillers for the manufacturing. The properties of composite made from recycled wood particles did not significantly differ from those of wood-plastic compound - WPC made from virgin wood particles, and were comparable with composite made from wood floor. Delviawan et al. (2019) suggests that the strength between plastic and wood flour can be improved by using a coupling agent that provides a chemical interaction between the two. Martins et al. (2017) reported the optimization of wood-plastic composites made of industrial residues of pine sawdust, high density polyethylene and maleic anhydride-grafted-polyethylene as coupling agent. The results showed that the combination of materials improved mechanical strength and physical properties. The authors recommend the application of the material on building facades as shading shutters. The wood-plastic composite analyzed herein did not fit into any strength class, according to strength classes determined in NBR 7190-1 (ABNT, 2022a), being below the C20 strength class. On the other hand, the parajuwood obtained a value higher than the C50 strength class, which is considered of high mechanical strength. The wood-plastic composite presented higher values than the parajuwood in the comparison between the composite and the parajuwood for both the basic density and the bulk density. Thus, we can state that the composite is classified as being of higher quality in terms of density for materials which should be denser and have high strength to moisture. Although the composite is not recommended for structural use, it can be applied in civil construction in environments with humidity. Furthermore, Ribeiro et al. (2023) reports that composites manufactured from plastic waste have low thermal degradation, allowing them to withstand high temperatures in environments of use, making them suitable for applications in the construction industry. Such composites can be used as facade coverings, floors, panels, as well as interior decoration materials, contributing to the construction of more efficient and sustainable buildings, with better energy performance (Ribeiro et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023; Mohan; Jayanarayanan; Mini, 2021). Durability of the wood-plastic composite compared to paraju wood Table 5 show the summary of the analysis of variance for mass loss percentage, damage (score), and number of days for termites death. The parajuwood obtained the highest visual score for damage, with less termite attack. The wood-plastic composite obtained the same score as the Pinus elliottii wood by the Duncan test (p > 0.05). The mortality rate (time to death of termites)in parajuwood was higher than in the other two woods analyzed, demonstrating the wood’s excellent resistance to attack by termites Nasutitermes corniger. This is possibly due to the presence of chemical compounds, such as polyphenols, which can present toxicity to these insects, as observed by Gonçalves et al. (2013), in a study with other native species where similar behavior occurred. The resistance of wood-plastic composite was evaluated for the xylophagous termites Nasutitermes corniger and Cryptotermes brevis (Lopez et al., 2020). This study showed resistance to attack by termites indicating enhanced biological properties of the composite. A study used the spruce sawdust with different amounts(from 0 to 30% by weight) blended with bioplast to determine the biological resistance of the composites (Candelier; Atli; Alteyrac, 2019). Rot and termite resistance tests were carried out and the results showed an increase in fungal and termite degradation levels with increasing amounts of wood. Flammability test Table 6 and Figure 4 show the results obtained from the flammability test for the treatments analyzed, treatments with plastic showed greater damage caused by fire. Table 5 Mean values for mass loss, damage and time to death of termites Evaluated material Mass loss(%) Damage(Visual score) Number of days Pinus elliottii 3.21 a 7.28 b 14.10 a Manilkara sp. 0.77 b 8.84 a 7.80 b Wood-plastic composite 0.65 b 7.50 b 14.90 a Note: *means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ (Duncan's test, p > 0.05). Table 6 Results from the flammability test in the materials Treatment Ignition Height of flame area(cm) Width of flame area(cm) Flame area(cm²) Paraju wood No 5.95 a (0.89) 1.49 a (0.09) 4.34 a (0.92) WPCe No 14.50 c (1.23) 2.92 c (0.16) 28.23 b (3.14) WPCi No 12.10 b (0.54) 2.13 b (0.11) 24.97 b (3.88) Note: *means followed by the same letter, in the same column, do not differ statistically (Tukey’s test, p > 0.05). Value in parentheses corresponds to the standard deviation. Where: WPCe:extrusion wood-plastic composite; WPCi: Injection wood-plastic composite. Figure 4 Fire behavior in the tested specimens. (A) Extrusion wood-plastic composite (WPCe), (B) Injection wood-plastic composite (WPCi), and (C) paraju wood Pinus elliottii wood presented the highest mass loss percentage when compared to the parajuwood and the wood-plastic composite. The parajuwood and the wood-plastic composite do not differ from each other statistically, and therefore present the same mass loss percentage. The parajuwood showed less damage by fire (Table 6) in comparison to the other tested materials. The samples did not remain in combustion after removing the flame, unlike the test carried out by Lopez et al. (2022), in similar samples, possibly due to smaller available polymer carbon chains (Lee; Salit, Hassan, 2014), as well as the density of the material (Cosnita; Balas; Cazan, 2022; Friedrich, 2022; Lopez, Paes, Rodriguez, 2018; Pham, 2022). Flame propagation was more intense in the WPCe-type sample (Figure 2B), even if superficial, compared to the WPCi-type sample, which can be explained due to the low exothermic energy released in the presence of the flame (Lopez et al., 2022), thus preventing the melting of the plastic during the process, indicating self-extinguishing property. Conclusions The wood-plastic composite presented lower values in all mechanical tests, indicating that it does not meet the requirements for structural use. Despite this, the material shows potential for application in civil construction, particularly as cladding on facades, floors, and room dividers. The composite exhibits considerably satisfactory values for structural elements concerning shrinkage, swelling, density and resistance to the termite Nasutitermes corniger, as assessed in this study. The composite is recommended for use in external environments and in direct contact with humidity. However, wood-plastic composites contain petroleum-based elements, so they have a certain potential for ignition and are not recommended for use in areas with a high risk of fire. References AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR TESTING AND MATERIAL. D143-22: standard test methods for small clear specimens of timber.West Conshohocken, 2022. AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR TESTING AND MATERIAL D143-22: standard test methods for small clear specimens of timber West Conshohocken 2022 AMERICAN WOOD PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. E1-16: laboratory methods for evaluating the termite resistance of wood-based materials: choice and no-choice tests. Birmingham, 2016. AMERICAN WOOD PROTECTION ASSOCIATION E1-16: laboratory methods for evaluating the termite resistance of wood-based materials: choice and no-choice tests Birmingham 2016 ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DA INDÚSTRIA DE PET. PET Recycling Census. São Paulo, 2020. Available: Available: http://www.abipet.org.br/index.html?method=mostrarInstitucional&id=7 . Access: 10 mar. 2022. ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DA INDÚSTRIA DE PET PET Recycling Census São Paulo 2020 Available: http://www.abipet.org.br/index.html?method=mostrarInstitucional&id=7 10 mar. 2022 ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE EMPRESAS DE LIMPEZA PÚBLICA E RESÍDUOS ESPECIAIS. Panorama dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil 2018-2019. São Paulo, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://abrelpe.org.br/download-panorama-2018-2019/ . Acesso em: 31 mar. 2020. ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE EMPRESAS DE LIMPEZA PÚBLICA E RESÍDUOS ESPECIAIS Panorama dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil 2018-2019 São Paulo 2019 Disponível em: http://abrelpe.org.br/download-panorama-2018-2019/ 31 mar. 2020 ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS.NBR 7190-1: projeto de estruturas de madeira: Critérios de dimensionamento. Rio de Janeiro , 2022a. ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS NBR 7190-1: projeto de estruturas de madeira: Critérios de dimensionamento Rio de Janeiro 2022a ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190-3: métodos de ensaio para corpos de prova isentos de defeitos para madeiras de florestas nativas. Rio de Janeiro, 2022b. ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS NBR 7190-3: métodos de ensaio para corpos de prova isentos de defeitos para madeiras de florestas nativas Rio de Janeiro 2022b BRANDT, C. W.; FRIDLEY, K. J. Effect of load rate on flexural properties of wood-plastic composites. Wood and Fiber Science, v. 35, n. 1, p. 135-147, 2003. BRANDT C. W. FRIDLEY K. J Effect of load rate on flexural properties of wood-plastic composites Wood and Fiber Science 35 1 135 147 2003 BROCCO, V. F. et al. Wood color changes and termiticidal properties of teak heartwood extract used as a wood preservative. Holzforschung, v. 74, n. 3,233-245, 2020. BROCCO V. F. Wood color changes and termiticidal properties of teak heartwood extract used as a wood preservative Holzforschung 74 3 233 245 2020 CANDELIER, K.; ATLI, A.; ALTEYRAC, J. Termite and decay resistance of bioplast-spruce green wood-plastic composites. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, v. 77, p. 157-169, 2019. CANDELIER K. ATLI A. ALTEYRAC J. Termite and decay resistance of bioplast-spruce green wood-plastic composites European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 77 157 169 2019 CHAMAS, A. et al. Degradation rates of plastics in the environment. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, v. 8, n. 9, p. 3494-3511, feb. 2020. CHAMAS A. Degradation rates of plastics in the environment ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8 9 3494 3511 2020 COSNITA, M.; BALAS, M.; CAZAN, C. The influence of fly ash on the mechanical properties of water immersed all waste composites. Polymers, v. 14, n. 10, 1957, may. 2022. COSNITA M. BALAS M. CAZAN C. The influence of fly ash on the mechanical properties of water immersed all waste composites Polymers 14 10 1957 1957 05 2022 DELVIAWAN, A. et al. The influence of filler characteristics on the physical and mechanical properties of wood plastic composite(s). Reviews in Agricultural Science, v. 7, p. 1-9, apr. 2019. DELVIAWAN A. The influence of filler characteristics on the physical and mechanical properties of wood plastic composite(s) Reviews in Agricultural Science 7 1 9 04 2019 EVODE, N. et al. Plastic waste and its management strategies for environmental sustainability. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, v. 4, p. 100142, 2021. EVODE N. Plastic waste and its management strategies for environmental sustainability Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 4 100142 100142 2021 FRIEDRICH, D. Success factors of wood-plastic composites (WPC) as sustainable packaging material: A cross-sector expert study. Sustainable Production and Consumption, v. 30, p. 506-517, mar. 2022. FRIEDRICH D. Success factors of wood-plastic composites (WPC) as sustainable packaging material: A cross-sector expert study Sustainable Production and Consumption 30 506 517 03 2022 GONÇALVES, F. G. et al. Natural durability of timber forest species to drywood termite attack. Floresta e Ambiente, v. 20, n. 1, p. 110-116, mar. 2013. GONÇALVES F. G. Natural durability of timber forest species to drywood termite attack Floresta e Ambiente 20 1 110 116 03 2013 GONÇALVES, F. G.; LELIS, R. C. C.; CARVALHO, A. M. Resíduos lignocelulósicos para uso na indústria de painéis. In: GONÇALVES, F. G. G.; LELIS, R. C. C.; ANDRADE, W. S. P. (org.). Engenharia Madeireira: pesquisa e produção.Seropédica: EDUR, 2017. GONÇALVES F. G. LELIS R. C. C. CARVALHO A. M. Resíduos lignocelulósicos para uso na indústria de painéis GONÇALVES F. G. G. LELIS R. C. C. ANDRADE W. S. P. Engenharia Madeireira: pesquisa e produção . Seropédica EDUR 2017 GOZDECKI, C. et al. Properties of wood-plastic composites made of milled particleboard and polypropylene. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products , v. 73, p. 87-95, 2015. GOZDECKI C. Properties of wood-plastic composites made of milled particleboard and polypropylene European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 73 87 95 2015 GUAMÁ, F. F. M. C. et al.Lixo plástico - de sua produção até a Madeira plástica. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO, 28., Rio de Janeiro, 2008. Anais […] Rio de Janeiro, 2008. GUAMÁ F. F. M. C. Lixo plástico - de sua produção até a Madeira plástica ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO, 28 Rio de Janeiro 2008 Anais […] Rio de Janeiro 2008 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION. ISO 11925-2: reaction to fire tests: ignitability of products subjected to direct impingement of flame: part 2: single-flame source test. Geneve, 2002. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION ISO 11925-2: reaction to fire tests: ignitability of products subjected to direct impingement of flame: part 2: single-flame source test Geneve 2002 LEE, C. H.; SALIT, M. S.; HASSAN, M. R. A review of the flammability factors of kenaf and allied fibre reinforced polymer composites. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, v. 2014, ID 514036, apr. 2014. LEE C. H. SALIT M. S. HASSAN M. R. A review of the flammability factors of kenaf and allied fibre reinforced polymer composites Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 ID 514036 04 2014 LOPEZ, Y. M. et al. Comparative study of different technological processes on the physical-mechanical properties and flammability of wood plastic composite. Journal of Building Engineering, v. 52, 104391, jul. 2022. LOPEZ Y. M. Comparative study of different technological processes on the physical-mechanical properties and flammability of wood plastic composite Journal of Building Engineering 52 104391 104391 07 2022 LOPEZ, Y. M. et al. Resistance of wood plastic composite produced by compression to termites Nasutitermes corniger (Motsch.) and Cryptotermes brevis (Walker). International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, v. 152, p. 104998, aug. 2020. LOPEZ Y. M. Resistance of wood plastic composite produced by compression to termites Nasutitermes corniger (Motsch.) and Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 152 104998 104998 2020 LOPEZ, Y. M.; PAES, J. B.; RODRÍGUEZ, E. M. Propiedades ignífugas de tableros de madera plástica producidos con diferentes especies forestales y termoplásticos reciclados. Madera Bosques, v. 24, e2421495, ago. 2018. LOPEZ Y. M. PAES J. B. RODRÍGUEZ E. M. Propiedades ignífugas de tableros de madera plástica producidos con diferentes especies forestales y termoplásticos reciclados Madera Bosques 24 e2421495 08 2018 MARTINS, G. et al. Optimization of a wood plastic composite for architectural applications. Procedia Manufacturing, v. 12, p. 203-220, 2017. MARTINS G. Optimization of a wood plastic composite for architectural applications Procedia Manufacturing 12 203 220 2017 MELLO, A. L. Use of HDPE waste as an alternative to natural aggregates in mortar. Salvador, 2011. 173 f. Dissertation (Master in Urban Environmental Engineering) - Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 2011. MELLO A. L. Use of HDPE waste as an alternative to natural aggregates in mortar Salvador, 2011. 173 f. Dissertation (Master in Urban Environmental Engineering) Federal University of Bahia Salvador 2011 MOHAN, H. T.; JAYANARAYANAN, K.; MINI, K. M. Recent trends in utilization of plastics waste composites as construction materials. Construction and Building Materials, v. 271, p. 121520, feb. 2021. MOHAN H. T. JAYANARAYANAN K. MINI K. M. Recent trends in utilization of plastics waste composites as construction materials Construction and Building Materials 271 121520 121520 2021 MOLINA, J. C.; CARREIRA, M. R.; CALIL JUNIOR, C. Análise do comportamento mecânico de perfis retangulares de compósito madeira plástico (wood plastic composite). Minerva, v. 6, n. 1, p.47-57, 2009. MOLINA J. C. CARREIRA M. R. CALIL C. JUNIOR Análise do comportamento mecânico de perfis retangulares de compósito madeira plástico (wood plastic composite) Minerva 6 1 47 57 2009 PHAM, L. Mechanical recycling of wood plastic composites mould. Finnland. 2022. 34 f. Thesis (Environmental Chemistry and Technology) - Centria University of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2022. PHAM L. Mechanical recycling of wood plastic composites mould Finnland. 2022. 34 f. Thesis (Environmental Chemistry and Technology) Centria University of Applied Sciences Finland 2022 RASBAND, W. S. Image J: image processing and analysis in Java. Available: https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/docs/index.html. Access: 20 Jun. 2023. RASBAND W. S. Image J: image processing and analysis in Java https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/docs/index.html 20 06 2023 RIBEIRO, L. S. et al. Use of post-consumer plastics in the production of wood-plastic composites for building components: a systematic review. Energies, v. 16, n. 18, p. 6549, sep. 2023. RIBEIRO L. S. Use of post-consumer plastics in the production of wood-plastic composites for building components: a systematic review Energies 16 18 6549 6549 09 2023 SERVIÇO BRASILEIRO DE APOIO ÀS MICRO E PEQUENAS EMPRESAS. Compósito madeira plástico: muitas vantagens e inúmeras aplicabilidades ampliam mercado: resultado de material reciclado, os produtos atendem a vários segmentos de consumo. 2015. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.sebraemercados.com.br/madeira-plastica-muitas-vantagens-e-inumeras-aplicabilidades-ampliam-mercado/ . Acesso em: 07 jun. 2023. SERVIÇO BRASILEIRO DE APOIO ÀS MICRO E PEQUENAS EMPRESAS Compósito madeira plástico: muitas vantagens e inúmeras aplicabilidades ampliam mercado: resultado de material reciclado, os produtos atendem a vários segmentos de consumo. 2015 Disponível em: http://www.sebraemercados.com.br/madeira-plastica-muitas-vantagens-e-inumeras-aplicabilidades-ampliam-mercado/ 07 jun. 2023 STEEL, R. G. D.; TORRIE, J. H.; DICKY, D. A. Principles and procedures of statistics, a biometrical approach. 3rd. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. STEEL R. G. D. TORRIE J. H. DICKY D. A. Principles and procedures of statistics, a biometrical approach 3rd New York McGraw-Hill 1997 TEIXEIRA, D. E.; MOREIRA, J. M. M. A. P.; COSTA, A. F. Manufacturing wood-plastic composites panels using wood chips of Eucalyptus grandis HILL EX Maiden and recycled low density polyethylene (LDPE). Floresta e Ambiente , v. 9, n. 1, p. 72-80, jan./dec. 2002. TEIXEIRA D. E. MOREIRA J. M. M. A. P. COSTA A. F. Manufacturing wood-plastic composites panels using wood chips of Eucalyptus grandis HILL EX Maiden and recycled low density polyethylene (LDPE) Floresta e Ambiente 9 1 72 80 jan-dec 2002 VALE, A. T.; GENTIL, L. V. Produção e uso energético de biomassa e resíduos agroflorestais. In: OLIVEIRA, J. T. S.; FIEDLER, N. C.; NOGUEIRA, M. (ed.). Tecnologias aplicadas ao setor madeireiro. Jerônimo Monteiro: Suprema, 2008. VALE A. T. GENTIL L. V. Produção e uso energético de biomassa e resíduos agroflorestais OLIVEIRA J. T. S. FIEDLER N. C. NOGUEIRA M. Tecnologias aplicadas ao setor madeireiro . Jerônimo Monteiro Suprema 2008 WANG, Y. et al. High-performance poplar-polyethylene laminates based on microwave-assisted acetic acid pretreatment process with potential application in construction. Journal of Building Engineering , v. 72, p. 106731, aug. 2023. WANG Y. High-performance poplar-polyethylene laminates based on microwave-assisted acetic acid pretreatment process with potential application in construction Journal of Building Engineering 72 106731 106731 2023 YAMAJI, F. M.; BONDUELLE, A. Utilization of sawdust in the production of plastic-wood composites. Floresta, v. 34, n. 1, p. 59-66, jan./apr. 2004. YAMAJI F. M. BONDUELLE A Utilization of sawdust in the production of plastic-wood composites Floresta 34 1 59 66 jan-apr 2004