Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to monitor coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.) after pruning through multispectral images obtained with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) containing a Mapir Survey 3 camera and estimate agronomic parameters based on simple regression parametric models. Growth evaluation was performed in 228 sampling points related to the coffee plants. The parameters analyzed were plant height, crown diameter, plagiotropic branch length, and the number of plagiotropic branches after the pruning point. The creation of mosaics was performed through the software Agisoft PhotoScan Professional 1.4.5, and radiometric calibration through Mapir Camera Control, georeferenced by QGIS and normalized by ENVI. Based on the models generated, data analysis permitted estimating coffee plants’ agronomic parameters after decote-type pruning (cutting off the orthotropic branch at 1.5 m and 2.0 m above ground) with high accuracy. Height was measured in April’s flight with the near-infrared band (Precision = 91.87%), crown diameter and plagiotropic branches length in April’s flight with the infrared band (Precision = 89.36% and 82.22%, respectively), number of nodes in February’s flight with the near-infrared band (Precision = 79.48%), and the number of plagiotropic branches after the pruning point in June’s flight with the near-infrared band (Precision = 69.57%).

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT The knowledge of critical limits of water potential in the substrate (Ψ) allows performing irrigations that do not exceed the capacity of water storage and do not harm crop yield. In this study, substrate water retention curve was determined by inverse modeling and originated two ranges of Ψ used for irrigation scheduling: range 1, upper critical (UPΨ) = -6 kPa and lower critical (LCΨ) = -40 kPa; and range 2, UPΨ = -14 kPa and LCΨ = -40 KPa. These limits were applied in the irrigation scheduling of grape tomato in a fixed form and by changing Ψ according to the crop development stage (DS). The water productivity (WP) was determined as a function of variations in the values and form of application of Ψ. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse. Plants were cultivated in pots filled with substrate, fertigated by an automated drip irrigation system. Tomato evapotranspiration was determined using a weighing lysimeter. Soil water content was monitored by GS1 and TDR100 sensors. Yield was not significantly affected by the different ranges of Ψ applied. WP was statistically higher in plants subjected to range 2 throughout the crop cycle and in at least one of the DS.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT In pest control, understanding insecticide compatibility and selectivity is crucial to effectively integrate the use of insecticides and parasitoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of mixtures of insecticides and fungicides recommended for melon and their selectivity in Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The were evaluated the compatibility of six mixtures: 1) Spinetoram + Pyraclostrobin and Fluxapyroxad; 2) Cyromazine + Pyraclostrobin and Fluxapyroxad; 3) Cyproconazole + Spinetoram; 4) Cyantraniliprole + Abamectin + Metiram and Pyraclostrobin; 5) Spinetoram + Azoxystrobin and Difenoconazole; 6) Abamectin + Cyantraniliprole; and a Control (distilled water). The compatible mixtures were applied to Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs, before and after T. pretiosum parasitism. Was evaluated: mortality of adult T. pretiosum females after exposure to treated eggs, parasitism, emergence and number of parasitoids emerged/egg. Only treatment 4 showed change in physical stability after 5 minutes. In selectivity tests, treatments 1, 3, and 5 caused greater mortality (>47%) of female adults. In pre-parasitism, parasitism (>77%) and emergence (>76%) were observed in all treatments, and all the mixtures were classified as innocuous to the parasitoid in these parameters. In post-parasitism, treatments affected negatively emergence (>51%) and number of parasitoids/egg at the three ages studied. Therefore, all mixtures were considered stable and viable for use with T. pretiosum, as long as they were applied before parasitoid releases.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT Terbuthylazine, as well as atrazine, is a triazine with the mechanism of action of photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors, effective in controlling weeds in maize crops. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of terbuthylazine, atrazine, and atrazine + mesotrione, alone or in mixtures with glyphosate, in weed control for post-emergence application in maize. The experiment was conducted over two growing seasons, evaluating weed control, damage symptoms in maize and maize yield. No damage symptoms were observed in maize, and when differences in yield were observed, they were due to differences in treatment efficacy in weed control. The efficacy of terbuthylazine is akin to that of atrazine in controlling broadleaf weeds (until 93.8%) and tends to be superior in controlling grasses (until 87.5% for terbuthylazine, until 76.3% for atrazine) or Commelina benghalensis (until 91.3% for terbuthylazine, until 82.5% for atrazine). Terbuthylazine or atrazine + mesotrione, alone or in a mixture with glyphosate, were effective in post-emergence weed control in maize, with a broad spectrum of action. Atrazine, alone or in a mixture with glyphosate, was effective in controlling broadleaf weeds (Richardia brasiliensis, Bidens subalternans, and volunteer soybeans).

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT Soil conditioners have humic acid levels which can control nematodes and promote plant nutrition. The objective of this work was to evaluate different concentrations and doses of commercial soil conditioner Premium® on motility, mortality, hatching, infectivity and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. In order to evaluate motility, mortality, and hatching, second stage juveniles (J2) or eggs were subjected to incubation at different concentrations of soil conditioner. To evaluate infectivity and reproduction, infested soil with M. incognita were mixed to different concentrations of commercial soil conditioner. Thirty-day-old tomato seedlings (cv. Kada) were transplanted into the pots and after 30 days the numbers of galls, egg masses and eggs per gram of root were evaluated. The use of soil conditioner drastically reduced motility at a concentration of 66.67 g L-1 and caused mortality above 98% in M. incognita J2 at 133.33 g L-1. Exposure of eggs to soil conditioner reduced J2 hatching by more than 50% at a concentration of 2.5 g L-1. Highest concentrations of soil conditioner provided lower infectivity and reproduction of M. incognita in tomato. Soil conditioner at a dose of 5.0 g provided greater development of the root system, demonstrating the efficiency of this product.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT The aim of the work was to employ general and specific combinatorial capacity to select possible genetic bases and parents that meet the agronomic ideotype of soybean precocity and grain yield. The experiment was conducted at the Regional University of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The experimental design used was that of augmented blocks, with interspersed controls, with treatments distributed in four blocks allocated throughout the experiment. To reduce pod insertion height, specific breeding strategies are suggested. For the ideal plant height, line 195 is selected. Lines 262 and 286 are chosen for their early maturity traits, while lines 893 and 661 are selected to improve grain weight per plant. These selections aim to enhance plant growth and yield. The general and specific combining capacity allows the selection of additive and complementary gene constitutions for insertion height of the first pods with the parents Massal Maradona RR 15b70 IPRO, plant height with HO Puricá x HO Jacuí IPRO, precocity through TMG 7262 RR x 15b70 IPRO, grain yield attributes through NS 6700 IPRO x BMX Valente 6968 RSF and DM 7.0 BMX Magna x BMX Ativa RR.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential use of the peel of pitaya fruits for jam production. Four pitaya jelly formulations with different peel proportions used in place of the pulp (0, 20, 40 and 60%) were evaluated. The inclusion of peel in the formulation of red pitaya jelly is viable, and the product quality is maintained, especially at a 20% peel proportion, which is better accepted by tasters than are higher proportions. The 20% substitution of pulp with peel resulted in higher mean consistency and overall impression values than the other formulations. The levels of soluble solids and titratable acidity and the soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio did not significantly differ among the products, with mean values of 64.6%, 1.05%, and 61.67% with 20%, 40% and 60% peel addition, respectively. Substituting pulp with pitaya mesocarp resulted in an increase in jelly pH. The adhesiveness and cohesiveness of the jellies increased as the percentage of peel increased. The microbiological results of this study indicate the absence of microorganisms in the jellies. Thus, the use of peel in jam production can minimize production losses while adding value to the product and reducing waste disposal in the environment.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT Rust caused by Cerotelium fici leads to significant defoliation in common fig trees (Ficus carica). However, studies on its epidemiology remain scarce. The aim of the present study is to investigate common fig rust progress in leaves inoculated at different ages over two growing seasons (dry and rainy) in an experimental fig orchard. Artificially inoculated leaves and those exposed to natural infection showed more severe rust symptoms when they were inoculated earlier - up to 45 days after leaf emergence. Disease severity and leaf longevity (in days) were inversely and directly proportional to leaf age at inoculation time, respectively. Leaves inoculated at earlier presented significantly higher disease progression rates based on number of pustules per cm², broader area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) recorded for pustule density and higher maximum severity, which was visually estimated as the percentage of lesioned leaf area. Inoculated young leaves abscised 40 to 60 days earlier than the uninoculated leaves, which were protected from natural infection by plastic bags. The uninoculated leaves remained attached to the plants from 90 to 100 days. These findings highlight apical sprouts as primary targets for protective fungicide applications, which must be more intense at early growing season in order control rust in common fig crops.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT Corn intercropped with Urochloa contributes not only to increasing soil coverage but also to improving physical, biological, and chemical quality, especially in Cerrado soils that have low phosphorus availability. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the response of different doses of phosphorus (P) in production systems on the chemical attributes of the soil, and physiological, biometric, and productive parameters of corn. Thus, an experiment was conducted with a randomized block design in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots consisted of two production systems: single corn and intercropped corn. The subplots consisted of three doses of phosphorus. Soil chemical attributes, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, biometric components, and corn productivity were evaluated. The physiological parameters were not affected by the systems and P doses. In the biometric components, there was a significant effect only for stalk diameter, where corn in the single system had a larger diameter in comparison to the intercropped one. There were effects for P contents in the system and dose factors, while for organic matter and carbon only in the dose factor. Production systems and phosphate fertilizer did not influence corn grain productivity.