Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é problematizar algumas das tensões em torno do conceito de modernidade. Central para diferentes áreas das ciências humanas, “modernidade” congrega, em um mesmo vocábulo, um conceito e uma proposta de periodização, ambos instrumentos essenciais da escrita historiográfica. Pretende-se aqui explorar de que forma a análise do conceito de modernidade, em conexão com uma ideia específica de universalismo, pode nos ajudar a compreender algumas características presentes nas concepções historiográficas europeias formuladas no século XIX, mas que deixaram marcas persistentes ao longo de grande parte do século XX. Nessa direção, buscou-se avaliar de que maneira o conceito de modernidade acabou fornecendo os parâmetros a partir dos quais as sociedades dos demais continentes seriam julgadas e, ato contínuo, hierarquizadas, com os povos da Europa ocidental ocupando o vértice dessa pirâmide classificatória.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The purpose of this article is to problematize some of the existing tensions around the concept of modernity. Central to different areas of the human sciences, ‘modernity’ is a theme that brings together, in the same word, a concept and a periodization proposal, both essential instruments of historiographic writing. The aim here is to explore how the analysis of the concept of modernity, in connection with a specific idea of ​​universalism, can help us to understand some characteristics present in European historiographical conceptions formulated in the 19th century, but which left persistent marks throughout much of the 20th century. In this direction, we sought to assess how the concept of modernity ended up providing the parameters from which societies from other continents would be judged and, subsequently, hierarchized, with the peoples of Western Europe occupying the apex of this classification pyramid.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo Este ensaio tem como objetivo tensionar as categorias meta-históricas propostas por Koselleck como antropológicas e universais, e que seriam centrais na composição do tempo histórico, e confrontá-las com o pensamento de Ailton Krenak. Nesse percurso, partimos da elaboração de Koselleck, passamos pela apropriação que realiza Ricoeur das categorias na proposição de uma Hermenêutica da consciência histórica e apresentamos ainda a concepção de Hartog de regimes de historicidade, na qual experiência e expectativa também se manifestam. Em um segundo momento, trabalhamos as temporalidades dos povos não historicizados e, portanto, excluídos do modo de existir eurocêntrico, para, ao final, nos dedicarmos ao pensamento de Krenak, que colhemos nos textos lançados nos últimos quatro anos e com o qual confrontamos a proposição universalista de Koselleck para espaço de experiência e horizonte de expectativas.

Abstract in English:

Abstract This essay aims to stress the metahistorical categories proposed by Koselleck (2014) as anthropological and universal and that would be central in the composition of historical time, confronting them with the thought of Ailton Krenak. In this path, we start from the elaboration by Koselleck, go through the appropriation that Ricoeur (2010) performs of the categories in the elaboration of a Hermeneutics of the historical conscience and we also present Hartog’s conception (2015) of regimes of historicity, where experience and expectation are also manifested . In a second moment, we work with the temporalities of non-historicized peoples and, therefore, excluded from the Eurocentric way of existing, in order to, in the end, dedicate ourselves to Krenak’s thought that we gleaned from the texts of the last four years and with which we confront the universalist proposition of Koselleck for space of experience and horizon of expectations

Abstract in English:

Abstract This article proposes an interpretation of the Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes (1770) within the intellectual context of Enlightenment historiography. The first section describes the book, its contents, editions, authorship, and censorship. The second section provides a critical synthesis of the history of historiography on the work. The third section proposes an interpretation of the Histoire as an enlightened critique of colonialism and empire. A brief conclusion situates the book within a specific definition of the Enlightenment that accounts for its contradictions rather than attempting to overcome them.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo Avalia-se como o historiador teuto-americano Peter Gay (1923-2015) se apropriou da Psicanálise na História. Com esse intuito, sonda-se como os objetos (no caso, o inconsciente), as teorias (especificamente a do complexo de Édipo), os métodos (a regressão, a associação livre e a análise de sonhos, de lapsos e de chistes) e as formas narrativas (“histórias de casos”) empregadas por Freud na clínica e na crítica da cultura foram ressignificadas na prática historiográfica de Gay, principalmente em suas obras publicadas a partir dos anos de 1980, período em que se consolida o seu projeto intelectual. Conclui-se que o aporte psicanalítico possibilitou ao historiador, além de revisar o papel desempenhado pela burguesia nos últimos três séculos, ampliar o horizonte temático, teórico, metodológico e estético da disciplina.

Abstract in English:

Abstract It is evaluated how the German-American historian Peter Gay (1923-2015) appropriated Psychoanalysis in History. To this end, we probe how objects (in this case, the unconscious), theories (specifically, the Oedipus complex), methods (regression, free association and the analysis of dreams, lapses and jokes) and the narrative forms (“case histories”) employed by Freud in the clinic and in the criticism of culture were re-signified in Gay’s historiographical practice, mainly in his works published from the 1980s onwards, period in which his intellectual project is consolidated. It is concluded that the psychoanalytic contribution made it possible for the historian, in addition to reviewing the role played by the bourgeoisie in the last three centuries, to expand the thematic, theoretical, methodological and aesthetic horizon of the discipline.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo O livro A hora da eugenia, da historiadora Nancy Stepan, constitui uma importante referência sobre a história da eugenia no Brasil, não só por seu aspecto pioneiro, mas pelas chaves interpretativas que apresenta, como o conceito de “eugenia latina”. O intuito deste artigo é avançar a discussão proposta por Stepan, analisando-a de forma crítica e trazendo novos elementos apresentados não só pela historiografia, mas também por algumas fontes que demonstram que os conceitos e a abordagem proposta pela autora precisam ser superados, uma vez que focam excessivamente a construção de excepcionalidades e de antagonismos, encobrindo os aspectos comuns entre países não latinos e criando representações estereotipadas sobre a região. Acreditamos que, por seu caráter limitado e restritivo, conceitos como o de “eugenia latina” devem ser desafiados a partir da adoção de uma abordagem transnacional e comparativa, de forma que busquemos conexões e aspectos comuns e fujamos da armadilha dos “excepcionalismos” como chave interpretativa de análise.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The book A hora da eugenia, by historian Nancy Stepan, constitutes an important reference on the history of eugenics in Brazil, not only for its pioneering aspect, but for the interpretative keys it presents, such as the concept of “Latin eugenics”. The purpose of this article is to advance the discussion proposed by Stepan, analyzing it critically and bringing new elements presented not only by historiography, but also by primary sources, which demonstrates that the concepts and approach proposed by the author need to be overcome since they focus excessively on the construction of exceptionalities and antagonisms, covering up the common aspects among non-Latin countries, and creating stereotyped representations about the region. We believe that, due to its limited and restrictive nature, concepts such as “Latin eugenics” must be challenged by adopting a transnational and comparative approach, in order to seek connections and common aspects and escape the trap of “exceptionalisms” as a key interpretative analysis.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Abstract: This study explores the relation between figurations of lack and excess and historical time, particularly within the context of the manifold modernist temporalities in Brazil. We undertake this endeavor by closely reading Oswald de Andrade’s Cannibalist Manifesto (1928), aiming to elucidate how the author employs notions of lack and excess to question modern historical time as a device to synchronize diverse temporalities. In conclusion, we underscore the significance of investigating artifacts of historical expression beyond conventional historiography to grasp temporal experiences akin to those of Brazilian modernism and to seek alternative modes of conveying the constituent multiplicity of the entire temporal experience.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen Este artículo explora las reflexiones de Certeau para mostrar cómo el pasado, dentro del contexto de la operación historiográfica, más que ser un referente estable para investigar, representa un resultado y una puesta en juego a través de la cual una sociedad, al transformar la muerte y la pérdida en objeto de conocimiento, permite un intercambio entre los vivos. Se plantean preocupaciones sobre una experiencia del tiempo centrada principalmente en el presente, que interpreta el pasado sobre todo desde un paradigma anticuario, y sobre un horizonte marcado por la amenaza inminente del cambio climático, en el que el futuro parece desaparecer. Dado este contexto, en el cual el valor de la historiografía como “tópica de lo inteligible” está fuertemente erosionado, se contemplan posibles formas de configurar el pasado, que, siendo capaces de asumir la pérdida, puedan abrir el horizonte del futuro.

Abstract in English:

Abstract In this article, the author explores Michel de Certeau’s reflections to demonstrate how the past does not establish itself as a stable reference point for historiographical operation. Instead, it serves as a stake through which a society can transform death and loss into objects of knowledge, facilitating an exchange among the living. The text raises concerns about the present-centred experience of time, which decodes the past through an antiquarian paradigm, and about a horizon marked by the looming threat of climate change, where the future seems to disappear. Given this context, in which the role of historiography as the “topic of the intelligible” seems to have eroded, the author contemplates the possible ways of approaching the past, which, being able to accept loss, can still open up the horizon of the future.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen La desaparición forzada de personas es una técnica de violencia de Estado que fue implementada en un contexto contrainsurgente entre las décadas de 1960 y 1980 en América Latina, y en ese mismo proceso, se configuró el concepto que permite explicarla como fenómeno y juzgarla como delito. La desaparición forzada continúa hasta nuestros días como práctica de represión política; pero también articulada con otros procesos, como las economías criminales, con consecuencias política y humanamente devastadoras. Estas transformaciones suponen un impacto en la configuración del concepto de desaparición forzada, y su necesaria revisión. Este artículo reflexiona sobre algunas de las propuestas de revisión del concepto que se han hecho, en particular desde la sociología; se presentan algunas críticas desde la historiografía, particularmente señalando los riesgos, tanto epistemológicos como políticos y éticos, que la revisión conceptual de la desaparición forzada implica, y sobre los que hay que asumir una responsabilidad.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The enforced disappearance is a technique of State violence that was implemented in a counterinsurgency context between the 1960s and 1980s in Latin America, and in that same process, the concept that allows explaining it as a repressive phenomenon and judging it as a crime was configured. Nowadays the disappearance of people continues as a practice of political repression; but also articulated with other processes, such as criminal economies, with devastating political and human consequences. These transformations would have an impact on the configuration of the concept of enforced disappearance, and therefore its necessary revision. This essay discusses some criticisms made about the concept of enforced disappearance, particularly from sociology, pointing out, from the historiographical point of view, the risks, both epistemological, political, and ethical, that the conceptual revision of enforced disappearance implies, and for which responsibility must be assumed.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar um panorama atualizado sobre as novas perspectivas historiográficas acerca dos estudos da Antiguidade chinesa desenvolvidos na China continental. Para a consecução deste trabalho, iremos apresentar uma breve trajetória histórica da historiografia chinesa, introduzindo rapidamente as tradições pré-republicanas (1912); em seguida, analisaremos a historiografia moderna sob o influxo das teorias ocidentais e do Marxismo-Maoísmo; por fim, analisaremos o projeto da escola da Crítica da Historiografia Chinesa Antiga (Zhongguo Gudai Shixue Piping 中国古代史学 批评), e alguns dos seus desdobramentos no panorama intelectual da China atual.

Abstract in English:

Abstract This article aims to present an updated overview of the new historiographical perspectives on Chinese antiquity studies developed in mainland China. For the accomplishment of this work, we will present a brief historical trajectory of Chinese historiography, quickly introducing the pre-republican traditions (1912); then we will analyze modern historiography under the influence of Western theories and Marxism-Maoism; finally, we will analyze the project of the Critique of Ancient Chinese Historiography (Zhongguo Gudai Shixue Piping 中国古代史学 批评) school, and some of its developments in the intellectual panorama of current China.